突然醒起有人話過羅馬帝國既文化去到後期已經係一潭死水
西羅馬收皮反而有助西歐既文化自由發展
大家點睇
true, 否則宜家成個歐洲都係類似拜占庭個類既絕對君主制,西方自由法制好多都係來自封建制度
突然醒起有人話過羅馬帝國既文化去到後期已經係一潭死水
西羅馬收皮反而有助西歐既文化自由發展
大家點睇
突然醒起有人話過羅馬帝國既文化去到後期已經係一潭死水
西羅馬收皮反而有助西歐既文化自由發展
大家點睇
true, 否則宜家成個歐洲都係類似拜占庭個類既絕對君主制,西方自由法制好多都係來自封建制度
As a very regular series of the Imperial laws commences about this period, it would not be difficult to transcribe the civil regulations which employed the leisure of Constantine. But the most important of his institutions are intimately connected with the new system of policy and religion, which was not perfectly established till the last and peaceful years of his reign. There are many of his laws which, as far as they concern the rights of property of individuals, and the practice of the bar, are more properly referred to the private than to the public jurisprudence of the empire; and he published many edicts of so local and temporary a nature that they would ill deserve the notice of a general history.
一系列的正規帝國法令差不多同期開始,要抄錄出一些曾經花費掉君士坦丁許多閒暇時間的民法條文來,是極容易不過的事。但他所設計的和新政策體系和宗教直接有關的最重要的制度卻是在他統治後期較平靜的幾年中才完全建立起來的。他的法令中有許多,就其與個人權利和財產的關係以及就其實際實施的過程來看,都是有個人的考慮,而不是服務於帝國公眾的法律;他還公佈過許多完全屬於地方性的臨時法令,實際上未被歷史學者注意。
Two laws, however, may be selected from the crowd; the one for its importance, the other for its singularity; the former for its remarkable benevolence, the latter for its excessive severity.
1. The horrid practice, so familiar to the ancients, of exposing or murdering their newborn infants, was becoming every day more frequent in the provinces, and especially in Italy. It was the effect of distress; and the distress was principally occasioned by the intolerable burden of taxes, and by the vexatious as well as cruel prosecutions of the officers of the revenue against their insolvent debtors. The less opulent or less industrious part of mankind, instead of rejoicing in an increase of family deemed it an act of paternal tenderness to release their children from the impending miseries of a life which they themselves were unable to support. The humanity of Constantine, moved, perhaps, by some recent and extraordinary instances of despair, engaged him to address an edict to all the cities of Italy, and afterwards of Africa, directing immediate and sufficient relief to be given to those parents who should produce before the magistrates the children whom their own poverty would not allow them to educate. But the promise was too liberal, and the provision too vague, to effect any general or permanent benefit. The law, though it may merit some praise, served rather to display than to alleviate the public distress. It still remains an authentic monument to contradict and confound those venal orators who were too well satisfied with their own situation to discover either vice or misery under the government of a generous sovereign.
從眾多的法令中我們打算選出兩條;一條因其極大的重要性,另一條則因其十分奇特;前一條還由於它為人民造福不淺,後一條則實在有點過於殘酷。1.在古代十分流行的拋棄或殺害幼嬰的做法在地方各省,特別是在義大利,一天
比一天更為盛行起來。這是苦難生活的直接結果;而這苦難主要是由難以忍受的沉重賦稅和催徼賦稅的官員對欠稅人的百般淩逼和殘酷迫害造成的。人民中無錢無勢的人家,不但不以人丁興旺為可喜,反認為及早不讓孩子面臨他們自己所無法忍受的生活苦難,正是父母對兒女的最大關懷。君士坦丁的惻隱之心,也許被當時的某些因絕望而發生的過於悲慘的事件所激動,他先向意
大利各城市,後又向非洲發佈了一項命令,指示對那些帶著自己的兒女面見地方行政官,證明自己由於貧窮對他們確實無力教養的父母,都將立即獲得足夠的補助。但是,由於補助過多,條文也過於含糊,根本不可能長時間普遍施行。這項法律,雖然也許值得嘉許,但事實上只起了一點揭露公眾苦難的作用,而並未能真正緩解人民的苦難。對那些自己生活美滿,根本不可能發現在一位慷慨大度的帝王的統治之下還存在罪惡或苦難的御用演說家們來說,它至今仍是一件對他們進行有力駁斥的鐵證。
The laws of Constantine against rapes were dictated with very little indulgence for the most amiable weaknesses of human nature; since the description of that crime was applied not only to the brutal violence which compelled, but even to the gentle seduction which might persuade, an unmarried woman, under the age of twenty-five, to leave the house of her parents. The successful ravisher was punished with death; and as if simple death was inadequate to the enormity of his guilt, he was either burnt alive, or torn in pieces by wild beasts in the amphitheatre.
君士坦丁反強姦的法律對人性中這個最為可恕的缺點,卻顯得略為心狠手辣;因為按該條文對上述罪狀的描述,不僅限於使用暴力強迫,甚至連採用溫柔的手段勾引一個25歲以下的未婚婦女離開父母家宅的都包括在內。“姦污犯將被處以死刑,而且似乎簡單處死還不足以償其辜,他將被或者活活燒死,或者在競技場上讓野獸撕成碎片。
The virgin's declaration that she had been carried away with her own consent, instead of saving her lover, exposed her to share his fate. The duty of a public prosecution was intrusted to the parents of the guilty or unfortunate maid; and if the sentiments of nature prevailed on them to dissemble the injury, and to repair by a subsequent marriage the honour of their family, they were themselves punished by exile and confiscation. The slaves, whether male or female, who were convicted of having been accessary to the rape or seduction, were burnt alive, or put to death by the ingenious torture of pouring down their throats a quantity of melted lead
那處女如果出面聲稱她是自己願意跟他,那不但不能救下她的情夫,卻只會使得自己遭受和他相同的命運。這當眾進行的酷行將由有罪的或受害的女方的父母執行;如果出於人的仁慈本性使他們不願將這受到傷害的事張揚出去,並於事後雙方正式結為姻親,以挽回他們的家族的榮譽,那他們自己便將受到流放和財產充公的懲罰。奴隸,不論男女,如確犯有強姦或誘姦罪,一律活活燒死,或用另一種奇巧的,由口中灌入若干熔鉛的酷刑處死。
As the crime was of a public kind, the accusation was permitted even to strangers. The commencement of the action was not limited to any term of years, and the consequences of the sentence were extended to the innocent offspring of such an irregular union. But whenever the offence inspires less horror than the punishment, the rigour of penal law is obliged to give way to the common feelings of mankind. The most odious parts of this edict were softened or repealed in the subsequent reigns; and even Constantine himself very frequently alleviated, by partial acts of mercy, the stern temper of his general institutions. Such, indeed, was the singular humour of that emperor, who showed himself as indulgent, and even remiss, in the execution of his laws, as he was severe, and even cruel, in the enacting of them. It is scarcely possible to observe a more decisive symptom of weakness, either in the character of the prince, or in the constitution of the government.
由於這種罪行具有公共性質,甚至對外來遊客也可提出控告。起訴不受罪行發生時間的年代限制,判刑可以延及這種不正常婚姻的無辜的後代。”但是,每當一件罪行引起的恐怖遠不如懲處的酷刑本身的時候,嚴酷的刑法仍不得不對感情讓步。這一敕令中的最為無理的部分,後代皇帝一般都予以修改或完全廢除了;甚至君士坦丁自己也常常通過赦免令對他的通令的過於嚴酷之處予以緩解。這真可說是這位皇帝的獨特的幽默,他在制訂一條法令時顯得那麼嚴格,甚至殘酷,而在執行的過程中他又顯得那麼手軟,甚至不惜違法。不論是在這位皇帝的性格中,還是在他的政府的體制中,幾乎再找不到比
這更具有決定性意義的缺點了。
突然醒起有人話過羅馬帝國既文化去到後期已經係一潭死水
西羅馬收皮反而有助西歐既文化自由發展
大家點睇
true, 否則宜家成個歐洲都係類似拜占庭個類既絕對君主制,西方自由法制好多都係來自封建制度
推
其實而家歷史學界已經好少叫中世紀做黑暗時代
不過拜占庭君士坦丁堡大圖書館所保存既大量古典時代知識,最後都影響左阿拉伯黃金時代既技術發展,東羅馬收皮呢d知識傳回西歐促進左文藝復興既步伐
突然醒起有人話過羅馬帝國既文化去到後期已經係一潭死水
西羅馬收皮反而有助西歐既文化自由發展
大家點睇
true, 否則宜家成個歐洲都係類似拜占庭個類既絕對君主制,西方自由法制好多都係來自封建制度
推
其實而家歷史學界已經好少叫中世紀做黑暗時代
不過拜占庭君士坦丁堡大圖書館所保存既大量古典時代知識,最後都影響左阿拉伯黃金時代既技術發展,東羅馬收皮呢d知識傳回西歐促進左文藝復興既步伐
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