如果講 valid formula,你當個 Premise set 係 empty 就 ok
所以:
A is K3 valid iff there is no model s.t v(A) =/= 1
A is LP valid iff there is no model s.t v(A) = 0
Show A v ¬A 係K3-invalid,純粹 construct 一個 model ,v(A v ¬A) 唔係 1 就足夠
可以 construct 呢個 model,就等同有一個咁嘅 model
兩者係冇分別
(唔太肯定你講嘅 actual 係咩意思,但有一個咁嘅 model 只不過係有一個咁嘅可能性,唔代表 p, q, r, s... 係現實都係取 1/2 值 )
同埋,我地會話 K3 太 weak,唔係太強
所有 non-classical logic 都係 weaker than classical logic
因為 non-classical logic 嘅 validities 比 classical logic 少
而 K3 就太 weak,weak 到冇 validities
當然,K3之所以太 weak,你可以話係因為佢對 validities 嘅「標準」太高