https://www.facebook.com/rainingmanhk/posts/614642082252761
價格投資的原理,基本而言,就是於價格低於價值時進場,等待市場回調,直至價格回歸至價值相應的水平。考慮資產的價值時,企業的前景和將來的盈利亦會在考慮之中,但卻不能將企業的前景和未來表現過份地反映在價值中,這會導致價值被高估。談到企業的前景和未來的盈利能力,必須要了解的一點就是「沒有人可以預測未來」。我們可以大概估計最壞、最好、正常情況下的結果,但我們始終不會知道最終實現的情況是哪一個。針對這一點,Howard Marks指出其投資哲學的重要元素之一,就是了解自己有限的先見之明,而這一章節的主題就是「知道自己不知道的事(Knowing What You Don’t Know)」。
“Awareness of the limited extent of our foreknowledge is an essential component of my approach to investing.”
縱使我們不能預知未來,在股票市場中,我們卻仍可大概估計現時的市況屬於什麼位置。在早前關於鐘擺效應和週期性的兩篇粗淺歸納中亦提及過:沒有人可預知鐘擺是否已在極端的位置、抑或週期的頂峰是否已達到,但我們卻可從市場的氣氛、大眾投資者的行為中,大概估算到現時鐘擺的方向,並作出部署。
“Investors should make an effort to figure out where they stand at a moment in time in terms of cycles and pendulums.”
儘管大多數人都知道自己沒有預知未來的能力,市場上亦總會有人想要去預測大市是否「見頂」或「見底」,相關的利好政策何時推出,個股的未來走勢反覆或向上。這是因為人是好勝的動物,準確地預測到未來不但有助投資勝利,更重要的是可以得到親朋戚友的認同,可以「威比人睇」,甚至得到身邊友人的仰慕,獲得「點解你可以咁醒嘅」的回饋。當然,眾多醒目仔醒目女中,也有預測被實現的時候,但預測準確的持續性卻很難長期保持在高水平。一次的準確預測並不保證下一次預測的準確性。十次預測當中,贏一次、輸九次,結果很大機會只會是「贏粒糖、輸間廠」。不過,筆者卻不能否定市場上亦有非常之醒目、非常之有遠見的投資好手,也許只需贏一次便足夠抵消餘下九次的虧蝕。
“Join the "I don't know" school and the results are more mixed. You'll soon tire of saying "I don't know" to friends and strangers alike. After a while, even relatives will stop asking where you think the market's going. You'll never get to enjoy that one-in-a-thousand moment when your forecast comes true and the Wall Street Journal runs your picture. On the other hand, you'll be spared all those times when forecasts miss the mark, as well as the losses that can result from investing based on overrated knowledge of the future.”
當投資者嘗試去預測未來時,大多都會不自覺地變得進取。例如,某散戶認為一檔股票所屬的行業可能會受惠於新上任政府的新政策,預測其股價可能會因而被炒上;另一散戶則認為新上任政府確有考慮推行相關利好政策,至於股價會否炒上,則屬未知之數。兩者都同樣考慮進場買入這檔股票,前者很有想法,似乎很有遠見,亦正因如此,前者進場的注碼可能會較後者大,因為後者的想法並沒有涉及對股價的預期,落注時少了一份對勝利的寄望,多了一份顧慮,落注時便會較保守。兩者相比,沒有誰對誰錯,只是態度會有所不同,對風險的考慮亦會因而有所不同。也許一個月後,確有消息流出,市場對該檔股票反應熱烈,導致股價上升,前者便會因所持的股份數目較大,或是槓桿較大,而比後者得到更豐厚的回報。但同樣的行為重覆十次,沒有人可以肯定,十次當中十次的預測都會實現。若前者過分利用槓桿去提高回報,而實際情況不似預期時,例如新上任政府公開澄清從沒考慮推行相關政策,該檔股票的股價便可能會因而大跌,前者更可能會被「一鋪清袋」。
“Investors who feel they know what the future holds will act assertively: making directional bets, concentrating positions, levering holdings and counting on future growth - in other words, doing things that in the absence of foreknowledge would increase risk. On the other hand, those who feel they don't know what the future holds will act quite differently: diversifying, hedging, levering less (or not at all), emphasising value today over growth tomorrow, staying high in the capital structure, and generally girding for a variety of possible outcomes.”
相比起估計到底某行業會否式微、某企業會否成為行業龍頭、政府會否推出相關利好政策,價值投資相對地便會是更穩健的策略,因為買入被低估的資產,投資者雖要做的只是等待,直至被低估的資產得到市場的青睞,價格回歸至價值相應的水平。
筆者所讀的版本是「The Most Important Thing Illuminated」的版本,而非原版,新版本的每個章節的開頭都會有數句相信是名人語錄的引用。這個章節開頭所引用的短句頗有意思,值得一看:
John Kenneth Galbraith/ We have two classes of forecasters: Those who don't know - and those who don't know they don't know.
Amos Tversky/ It's frightening to think that you might not know something, but more frightening to think that, by and large, the world is run by people who have faith that they know exactly what's going on.
Henry Kaufman/ There are two kinds of people who lose money: those who know nothing and those who know everything.
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Howard Marks 是著名價值投資者,為Oaktree Capital Management的創辦人。The Most Important Thing 的內容不以分析股票為主,而是分析投資者心理。雖然書中的內容大多是看起來很有意義,但要落實行動的話則對個人的心理素質的要求很高,需要長期間的重溫和檢討。筆者將會粗淺歸納此書的每一個章節的內容,雙引號“”內為書中原文。
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