性惡: Thomas Hobbes -> Levithan 吹奏君權個位 -> 佢話人類無皇管人既話會:
No arts; no letters; no society; and which is worst of all, continual fear and danger of violent death; and the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.
性善:Rousseau -> Social Contract 社會契約論 -> 人係noble savage,係社會污染咗人
從何而來?
從trial and error而來囉
相處過 知道邊啲規矩work邊啲唔work
自然就會慢慢develop到架啦(e.g. Communism doesn't work; Capitalism does.)
幾千年時間 慢慢畀你磨合知道邊套work邊套唔work
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Moral Objectivism 唔需要 個個都行同一套 規範你方方面面既生活
只係話 there exists some ethical rules that if everyone accept, their society would be better.
呢個係 Relativism 既negation黎 (Relativism = ALL ethical standards are relative. There exists ZERO universal value.)
所以舉到一個普世價值 例子就反駁道relativism,建立到Objectivism
例如:Random Torture for no reason is BAD for every society.
如果你唔否認,即係你要承認至少有條rule係universal (Objectionists win!)
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道德既本質就係 人與人相處既規矩
世界無人類既時候唔會有道德
得1個人類既時候都唔會有道德(你想點就點,適應到世界就ok)
有人類互動,即係有2個人或以上既時候先會有道德(即係用咩規矩相處大家都會jetso啲)
咁大部分社群都會有啲基本rules架啦
唔好無謂殺人,唔好偷嘢搶嘢
呢啲規矩 喺未全球化互相影響時
已經喺 非洲社群 亞洲社群 美洲社群分別出現
唔似係巧合
道德(即係 幫助 到人類互動既 規則)有幾條係個個社群都行得通,係好合理