Apterygote:
- no wings
- metamorphosis slight or absent
- one or more pairs of pre-genital appendages on abdomen
Pterygote:
- winged
- metamorphosis occurs
- no pre-genital appendages on abdomen
Exopterygote:
- simple metamorphosis
- pupa rarely present
- wings developed externally
e.g. cockroaches
Endopterygote:
- complex metamorphossi
- pupa present
- wings developed internally
e.g. butterflies
8月空氣瀏海IRENE美瘋了
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Insect reproduction:
1. requires synchronisation
- get together at the right time and relevent resource
2. overt displays
- for not attracting the wrong species
3. attraction to resources (food)
4. pheromones (female)
5. copulation
6. swarms (mostly male)
- got massive resouces in one location
- females come in and have opportunity to make
1. requires synchronisation
- get together at the right time and relevent resource
2. overt displays
- for not attracting the wrong species
3. attraction to resources (food)
4. pheromones (female)
5. copulation
6. swarms (mostly male)
- got massive resouces in one location
- females come in and have opportunity to make
Selfish genes:
It promotes its own survival without necessarily promotes survival of the organism, group or even species.
It promotes its own survival without necessarily promotes survival of the organism, group or even species.
Termite Castes
1. Primary reproductives (eventually become king and queen)
- winged adults
Roles: Establish colony
2. Secondary (supplementary reproductive if either primary dies)
- wingless adults
3. Workers
- wingless and sterile
Roles: Foraging, food storage, brood/nest maintenance
4. Soldiers
- wingless and sterile
Roles: Defense
1. Primary reproductives (eventually become king and queen)
- winged adults
Roles: Establish colony
2. Secondary (supplementary reproductive if either primary dies)
- wingless adults
3. Workers
- wingless and sterile
Roles: Foraging, food storage, brood/nest maintenance
4. Soldiers
- wingless and sterile
Roles: Defense
Wasps
Spring: building new colony
Autumn: emerge from dying colonies
Winter: mating
Ants:
There are two female castes: queen and workers.
The queens and males have wings but lost after mating and then the male dies.
Spring: building new colony
Autumn: emerge from dying colonies
Winter: mating
Ants:
There are two female castes: queen and workers.
The queens and males have wings but lost after mating and then the male dies.
Poikilothermy:
The body temperature varies considerably in response to the environmental change.
Homeothermy:
- it maintains a stable body temperature by regulating metabolic processes.
- its body temperature is higher than external environment.
Thermoregulatory mechanisms:
1. Ectothermy
uses environmental heat sources to regulate body temperature
2. Endothermy
generates heat internally through high metabolic rate to maintain a high body temperature
The body temperature varies considerably in response to the environmental change.
Homeothermy:
- it maintains a stable body temperature by regulating metabolic processes.
- its body temperature is higher than external environment.
Thermoregulatory mechanisms:
1. Ectothermy
uses environmental heat sources to regulate body temperature
2. Endothermy
generates heat internally through high metabolic rate to maintain a high body temperature
The animal must balance the heat generation and heat loss to the environment in order to maintain a stable body temperature.
Reducing heat loss:
1. mammal hair is excellent for insulating heat loss
2. blubber, fine insulating hair and guard hair
This gives off no detectable heat when sleeping.
Overheat:
- move slowly and rest often
- excess heat loss where fur is absent and the blood vessels close to skin
- swim to cool down
- the fur can moult.
increasing heat:
1. shivering and exercise
- generate extra heat through direct muscular heat production
Reducing heat loss:
1. mammal hair is excellent for insulating heat loss
2. blubber, fine insulating hair and guard hair
This gives off no detectable heat when sleeping.
Overheat:
- move slowly and rest often
- excess heat loss where fur is absent and the blood vessels close to skin
- swim to cool down
- the fur can moult.
increasing heat:
1. shivering and exercise
- generate extra heat through direct muscular heat production
Flight
Pterosaurs:
- elongated metacarpal n phalange V
Bats:
- elongated metacarpals n phalanges
Birds:
- feathers are stiff so dont need extend limb
Swimming
- greatly reduced upper limb
Terrestrial Locomotion
Plantigrade: power/digging (hand)
Digitigrade: speed (hunting) (fingers)
Unguligrade: speed (escaping) (fingertips)
Power: Femur>tibia n fibula
Speed: tibia n fibula>Femur
Pterosaurs:
- elongated metacarpal n phalange V
Bats:
- elongated metacarpals n phalanges
Birds:
- feathers are stiff so dont need extend limb
Swimming
- greatly reduced upper limb
Terrestrial Locomotion
Plantigrade: power/digging (hand)
Digitigrade: speed (hunting) (fingers)
Unguligrade: speed (escaping) (fingertips)
Power: Femur>tibia n fibula
Speed: tibia n fibula>Femur
Mammalian characteristics:
- vertebrates (internal skeleton)
- mammary glands (milk)
- high metabolic rate
- hair/fur
- nails, hoof n horns
- diaphragm
- throacic ribs (protect heart n lungs only)
Stance:
- erect
- legs held under body
- swing in vertical plane
- better for weight bearing
Dorsi-ventral flexure of the spine:
- spine flexes vertically
- seen in carnivores
- vertebrates (internal skeleton)
- mammary glands (milk)
- high metabolic rate
- hair/fur
- nails, hoof n horns
- diaphragm
- throacic ribs (protect heart n lungs only)
Stance:
- erect
- legs held under body
- swing in vertical plane
- better for weight bearing
Dorsi-ventral flexure of the spine:
- spine flexes vertically
- seen in carnivores
Gchi
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個mv做乜鳩 廠景
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