人體的奧秘 - 身體最脆弱既器官

目錄
(1)基本既心臟介紹
lihkg.com/thread/649350

(2)基本既肺部介紹
lihkg.com/thread/652225

(3)基本既腎臟介紹
lihkg.com/thread/665504

(4)基本既胃部介紹
lihkg.com/thread/673704

(5)基本既小腸介紹
lihkg.com/thread/685309

(6)基本既大腸介紹
lihkg.com/thread/690908

(7)基本既肝臟介紹
lihkg.com/thread/696439

(8)基本既胰臟介紹
lihkg.com/thread/700041

(9)基本既骨頭介紹
lihkg.com/thread/714062

(10)基本既肌肉介紹
lihkg.com/thread/744825

(11)基本既胸腺介紹
lihkg.com/thread/747138

建議由第一期開始慢慢睇
想睇最新目錄請自行起底去最新個post
歡迎留言 一齊討論 你問我唔一定會答
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When I'm talking about the digestive system, do you remember there is an organ attached to the pancreas tail? It is the spleen. Although the spleen is near those digestive organs, it is not very related to the digestive system. In fact, it is an immune organ.
重記唔記得係講緊消化系統既時候，有幅圖提過下一個黐係胰臟條尾既器官？個個器官叫做脾臟 (spleen)。雖然脾臟好近d消化器官，但佢同消化系統就冇太大關係既，實際上呢，佢係同免疫有關既器官。

Spleen is like a factory, an antibodies factory. Besides the secretion of antibodies, the spleen is also responsible for the renewal of erythrocytes, i.e. red blood cells (RBCs), by filtering out old RBCs.
脾臟就好似一個生產工廠，專門生產抗體 (antibody)。除左生產抗體，佢重負責過濾走用舊左既紅血球。
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Let's talk a look at the location of the spleen.
先睇睇位置

This image has already shown to you in the article of 'small intestine'. The spleen is located on the left-hand side of 9 - 11 ribs, inside the peritoneum.
如果你重記得，張圖係「基本既小腸介紹」用過。脾臟位於身體既左手邊，大概第9至11條肋骨個鼠，比腹膜 (peritoneum) 包住。
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Take a look on the cross-section of the spleen.
再睇睇脾臟裡面。

The spleen is surrounded by the capsule, with the opening for vessels, called the hilum. Inside the capsule, there are 2 main structures called the white pulp and the red pulp.
除左有個開口比血管，叫做門 (hilum)，脾臟由包膜 (capsule) 包住。包膜裡面呢，有兩種結構，分別係白髓 (white pulp) 同埋紅髓 (red pulp)。

The white pulp is concentrated with leukocytes, i.e. white blood cells, surrounding the arteries. That's why it is being called the white pulp.
我唸你大概都估到，白髓裡面有較高濃度白血球，包住動脈。

The red pulp is concentrated with erythrocytes, i.e. red blood cells, from arteries, surrounding the white pulp. The higher concentration of RBCs makes it red in color.
而紅髓裡面呢就有較高濃度既紅血球，包住白髓。

The white pulp and the red pulp are separated by the marginal zone, where the marginal zone is considered as the white pulp.
紅髓同白髓由緣帶 (marginal zone) 分開，而緣帶本身歸入白髓。
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A further look into the white pulp.
首先，深入d睇下白髓。

The white pulp can be further divided into the lymphoid follicle, the lymphoid sheath and the marginal zone. This structure is quite similar to the lymph node. Therefore, people think that the spleen was evoluted from a lymph node.
白髓又可以再分做三個部分，分別係淋巴濾泡 (lymphoid follicle)、淋巴鞘 (lymphoid sheath) 同埋緣帶 (marginal zone)。如果你對淋巴結 (lymph node) 有一D了解既話，你會發現白髓既結構同淋巴結幾似，所以有D學者認為脾臟係由淋巴結演化而成。

The lymphoid follicles are concentrated with B-cells (more information of B-cells in the 'Thymus' article). They are connected to arterioles.
講番白髓，淋巴濾泡裡面有相對多既骨髓淋巴球 (B-cell or B-lymphocyte)，而且直接連接血管。想知多D咩係骨髓淋巴球睇番「基本既胸腺介紹」。

The lymphoid sheath is a thin layer of lymphoid tissue surrounding arterioles, concentrated with T-cells (more information of T-cells in the 'Thymus' article).
淋巴鞘呢就係一層包住血管既淋巴組織，有相對多既胸腺淋巴球 (T-cell or T-lymphocyte)。一樣，想知多D咩係胸腺淋巴球睇番「基本既胸腺介紹」。

The marginal zone is concentrated with macrophages, sometimes act as antigens presenting cells (APCs).
而緣帶就有相對多既巨噬細胞 (macrophage)，有時又會叫做抗原呈現細胞 (Antigens presenting cell)，下稱「抗原細胞」。
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I will use the same image of the white pulp to describe the red pulp.
再黎睇紅髓，用番白髓張圖。

The white pulp has several layers, but in red pulp, it is nothing more than a cavernous volume formed by the connective tissue called splenic cords, a bit like the corpus cavernosum of the penis.
白髓就有分好多層啦，但係紅髓就基本上係由一D叫脾索 (splenic cords) 既締結組織組成既一個類似海綿既空間，有D似賓州既海綿體 (corpus cavernosum)。

The cavernous volume directly accepts blood from the arterioles, without a layer of endothelial cells. The blood floats around in the red pulp and eventually enters the venous system through the venous sinusoids and finally leaves the spleen.
血液直接流入海綿空間 (cavernous volume) (血液如果有需要流入器官，正常黎講都有一層上皮組織分開，間接咁滲透入去，但紅髓入面既動脈係直接有開口比血流入去)，咁D血就係紅髓入面流動啦，直至佢流入靜脈既窿仔，又或者叫靜脈竇 (venous sinusoids)，流出脾臟。
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White pulp is responsible in immunity. Let's talk about how our immunity work in the spleen. Here is one of the pathways.
(1) Pathogens enter the spleen via the bloodstream.
(2) The pathogens are detected by the macrophages at the white pulp.
(3) The macrophage engulfs the pathogens and digests them with lysosomal enzymes.
(4) The macrophage presents parts of pathogens.
(5) The naive B-cells activated by the help of the T-helper cells and start producing antibodies against the pathogens.
我唸你都估到，白髓係負責免疫作用。以下就係白髓啟動免疫反應既其中一條路。
(一) 病原體 (pathogens) 透過血液進入脾臟。
(二) 白髓既巨噬細胞發現病原體。
(三) 巨噬細胞將成個病原體吞噬，再以溶體酶 (lysosomal enzyme) 分解病原體。
(四) 巨噬細胞展示部份病原體。
(五) 未被活化骨髓淋巴球係助手淋巴球 (T-Helper cell or T-Helper lymphocyte) 既幫助下接觸病原體並活化，開始製造抗體。

# Some details in naive B-cells activation
When a macrophage, or an antigens presenting cell (APC), presents an antigens piece, or an epitope, with major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) (A set of surface protein on APC's surfaces), the naive T-helper cells with suitable T-cell receptor (TCR) will communicate with the APC and activated.
At the same time, the same antigens are attached to the B-cell with suitable cell surface antibodies. The B-cell then engulfs the antigens and presents it with MHCII. When the suitable activated T-helper cell comes and communicates with this B-cell, it will be activated and start secreting antibodies to the bloodstream.
This is the most complicated way of B-cells activation. (maybe not the 'most', we can never find it, right? ) Sometimes, steps like T-helper cells activation will be skipped. #

#識多小小骨髓淋巴球活化
當抗原細胞 (antigen presenting cell) 展示部分抗原，擁有對應受體 (receptor) 既助手細胞 (T-Helper cell) 就會同佢溝通，跟住助手細胞就會被活化。
另一邊廂又有骨髓淋巴球 (B-cell)。當擁有對應受體既骨髓淋巴球發現抗原，佢就會將抗原吞噬，再展示出黎，等待已經活化左既助手細胞過黎活化自己。真係有既話，骨髓淋巴球就會被活化，開始製造抗體。(針對同一隻抗原既助手細胞先會活化骨髓淋巴球)
依一條係較複雜既骨髓淋巴球活化過程，有時骨髓淋巴球唔需要助手細胞都會活化。#
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I'm sure you have heard of the term 'antibody' before, at least I've mentioned this word for a lot of times.
我唸你都聽過唔少次「抗體」依個詞，至少係上文都睇到唔少次啦。

The word 'Antibody' comes from the 'antigen-antibody reaction' model.
其實「抗體 (antibody)」依個字呢就黎自「抗原與抗體反應 (antigen-antibody reaction)」依個框架既。

What 'antibody' actually means is a certain protein produced by our bodies with the structure in the figure. This Y shape molecule has an antigen-binding site, where antigens mean anything, literally anything that can have the chemical reaction with the antibody at the binding site and stick together. We can have different antibodies with the different antigen-binding site, targeting different antigens.
「抗體」係指一種外形好似張圖顯示既咁，由我地身體製造既蛋白質。睇番張圖，Y形分子個兩個頭係專門同「抗原」結合既，以下我會將個頭叫做「抗原頭 (antigen-binding site)」，而所謂既「抗原 (antigen)」其實可以係任何既物質，只要係會同個兩個「抗原頭」發生化學反應再結合既就可以叫做「抗原」。唔同既「抗體」會有唔同既「抗原頭」，針對唔同既「抗原」。

When an antibody agglutinates to an antigen, this antigen-antibody complex would attract immune cells like macrophages to come and engulf it. This process is called opsonization.
當「抗體」黐住左「抗原」，成為「抗原與抗體化合物 (antigen-antibody complex)」，簡稱就叫「原體化合物」啦，「原體化合物」會吸引抗原細胞 (antigen presenting cell) 過黎食左自己，依個過程又叫調理作用 (opsonization, 好似冇翻譯過咁，都唔知乜9調理作用，直譯到一個點)。

By the way, the blood type model is also based on the antigens-antibodies agglutination.
話說，血型 (blood type) 都係類似既野。
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The red pulp is mainly responsible for filtering out defected RBCs. Here is the steps.
(1) RBC go through the arteriole in the spleen and eventrally reach the cavernous volume of red pulp.
(2) In the cavernous volume, it is surrounded by venous sinosoids.
(3) RBC can squeeze into the venous sinosoids and continue its journey.
番番黎脾臟，紅髓係負責過濾舊左既紅血球既，過濾既步驟如下。
(一) 紅血球由血管直接流入海綿空間。
(二) 海綿空間入面重有好多靜脈竇。
(三) 紅血球擠入去D靜脈竇，繼續佢既旅程。

However, if there are defected RBCs, they will be too big or inelastic that they can't squeeze into the venous sinosoids. These defected RBCs will eventrally pick up by the macrophages and be recycled.
但係呢，如果紅血球用舊左，佢有可能會變大或者冇咁有彈性，就會擠唔入去D靜脈竇，卡住左係個到，依D卡住左既紅血球就會比巨噬細胞吞噬，回收再用。(唔知點解我覺得好似恐怖片咁)

Because of the red pulp, if the splenic capsule is ruptured, it is very dangerous as the bleeding is very hard to stop because of the wide opening of arteries.
就係因為紅髓，如果脾臟包膜因為撞擊之類既野而爆左，就非常之危險。加上脾臟本身個包膜都幾薄下，所以車禍其中一樣幾常發生既危險野就係爆撚左個脾臟。
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And we finished the basic of the immune system.
終於講完個免疫系統D器官。

讚好

我突然係到唸
肥絲會唔會過黎抓錯字
會就真係神奇啦

呢d高質post 條死肥閪撚夠膽入來咩 見再都掉頭走啦

好gay

其實我好期待有個極長既錯字list
然後大大個F 送比我

留名唔知會唔會睇

好掛住AL啲bio chem phy

睇唔明最後,爆脾臟最大危險係咩?
出血過多致死?

係啊

因為紅髓既動脈係開大窿既
好似D水管係水塘既終點咁

當個脾一爆，就好似個水塘爆開咁
好難止血

btw講起免疫系統又想問下平時好多人有既過敏反應又係啲咩一回事

過敏有分好多種

有機會一定會講下

簡單講其實同字面意思一樣

免疫系統過份敏感

小小野都開曬朵咁

蛇毒血清即係人工俾抗體？
可唔可以用呢種方式醫病？

我個心

樓主會唔會講下免疫系統

巨噬細胞會將紅血球分屍

留名

上面張圖

岩啊 依家你身體入面已經上演緊

張圖好癡線