人體的奧秘 - 比健身撚睇？

目錄

(1)基本既心臟介紹
lihkg.com/thread/649350

(2)基本既肺部介紹
lihkg.com/thread/652225

(3)基本既腎臟介紹
lihkg.com/thread/665504

(4)基本既胃部介紹
lihkg.com/thread/673704

(5)基本既小腸介紹
lihkg.com/thread/685309

(6)基本既大腸介紹
lihkg.com/thread/690908

(7)基本既肝臟介紹
lihkg.com/thread/696439

(8)基本既胰臟介紹
lihkg.com/thread/700041

(9)基本既骨頭介紹
lihkg.com/thread/714062

建議由第一期開始慢慢睇
想睇最新目錄請自行起底去最新個post
歡迎留言  一齊討論  你問我唔一定會答
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有d耐冇出
我唸你地都唔會期待多幾篇嫁啦
邊個會咁抖m
一篇都睇到識叫啊
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It's time to build up! Yeah, I am going to talk about muscle this time. Not any muscle, but the skeletal muscle. You probably know more than me about skeletal muscles if you love to build up. 🙂 

講到健身就一定會唸到肌肉，而且一定係骨骼肌 (skeletal muscle)。如果你有健開身，可能你重清楚過我😂

Skeletal muscle is like a crane, lifting up the bone. They are responsible in the voluntary movement. 

骨骼肌就好似起重機咁，專門吊起骨頭。佢地係負責自主運動 (voluntary movement) 既。

Skeletal muscles can achieve many jobs, scratching, pushing, walking, literally every movements! But in fact, skeletal muscles themselves can only perform 1 job - pulling things, mostly bones by contracting themselves. However, because of the mechanical design of our bodies, this pulling kinectic energy can be converted into different mechanical movements. 

骨骼肌令到我地可以做到唔同既動作：刮、推、行⋯⋯總之就係乜撚野動作都有啦！不過事實係，骨骼肌自己本身其實只係做到一種動作：拉，主要係「拉」d骨頭，透過收縮自己。但係因爲我地身體精彩既設計，依d咁普通既拉力就被轉化成各種複雜既運動。

It's amazing, isn't it? But what really make skeletal muscles have the ability to contract? Let's find out. 

真心好撚神奇 但係到底點樣做到收縮既呢？一齊搵出黎啦。
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Our bodies have 3 kinds of muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and skeletal muscle. In this article, we will be focus on the skeletal muscle only. 

我地既身體有3種肌肉：心肌 (cardiac muscle)、平滑肌 (smooth muscle) 同埋骨骼肌，而今次我鄭係會講骨骼肌。

Let's take a look on the overview. We have about 600 pieces of skeletal muscle, only about 50 of them are commonly mentioned. (These number are quite fluctuating. )

睇下全身既骨骼肌先。我地有大概600幾舊骨骼肌，聽落好多，其實只係得大概50舊骨骼肌係會經常提起，其他基本上都係專家先會提起。（數字只供參考）

We can find skeletal muscles all over our bodies. They have probably one of the most complicated naming system. Anatomists use a lot of anatomical terms to name different skeletal muscles. It is quite overwhelming for a new learner, so why not just ignore it first? : )

就係因為全身都有骨骼肌，加上舊舊骨骼肌都有佢自己既作用，結果就形成左一個幾複雜既命名系統。解剖學家用各種既解剖用語幫依d骨骼肌命名，對新手黎講都幾係野，所以呢岩岩開始學既話點解唔跳過左先呢？

# Some details in naming of skeletal muscle

Overall, they are named by 7 categories of anatomical terms. 

    (i) Location - 206 bones like femur & humerus, body regions like gluteal (buttock) and pectoral (chest) 

    (ii) Action - masseter (chewing), levator (lifting up), depressor (lifting down)

    (iii) Size - major & maximus (relatively big), minor & minimus (relatively small), medius, brevis (short)

    (iv) Shape - orbicular (round), teres (sphere), gastro (stomach)

    (v) Direction - rectus (straight), oblique (diagonal)

    (vi) Attachment - biceps (double), triceps (triple)

    (vii) Position - anterior & ventral (front), posterior & dorsal (back) 

(Some skeletal muscle name: pectoralis major, rectus abdominis, external oblique, latissimus dorsi, orbicularis oris) #

# 識多小小骨骼肌命名

基本上，命名個時會用到既詞可以分做7個範疇。

    (壹) 定位 - 身體既206舊骨頭，例如：腓骨、肱骨；身體既區域，例如：臀部、胸部。

    (貳) 動作 - 咀嚼、提上、降下

    (參) 大細 - 大、中、小、長、短

    (肆) 形狀 - 輪匝狀、球狀、胃狀

    (伍) 方向 - 直、橫、斜

    (陸) 連接數量 - 二頭、三頭

    (柒) 方位 - 前、後 

(骨骼肌名既例子：胸大肌、腹直肌、腹外斜肌、背闊肌、口輪匝肌) #
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Although different skeletal muscles have different names, they share a similar structure. 

雖然唔同既骨骼肌有唔同既名，但係佢地都有結構上既相似之處。

留名

Let's take biceps brachii as an example. 

以二頭肌 (biceps brachii) 作為例子。

It can be divided into 4 parts, the origin, the insertion, tendons and the belly. 

    (1) The origin is where the skeletal muscle being connected to a stationary bone. It is a fixed point

    (2) The insertion is where the skeletal muscle being connected to a bone that needs to move. It is a moving point. 

    (3) The tendon is the connective tissue connecting skeletal muscles and bones. 

    (4) The belly is the main body, consists of skeletal muscle cells that can perform muscle contraction. 

基本上可以分做四個部分：起點、止點、肌腱同埋肌本體 (belly)。

    (一) 起點 (origin) 係指骨骼肌連接固定骨頭個一邊。記住，唔係話個舊骨頭被固定，而係骨骼肌既運動冇辦法令舊骨頭郁，所以先叫「固定骨頭」。

    (二) 止點 (insertion) 係指骨骼肌連接位移骨頭個一邊，姐係舊骨骼肌真係要郁既對象。

    (三) 肌腱 (tendon) 係締結組織既一種，將骨頭同骨骼肌連埋一齊。

    (四) 肌本體 (belly) 就係骨骼肌本身啦，係由骨骼肌細胞組成，可以收縮。

For biceps brachii, the origin point is scapula and the insertion point is radius. 

以二頭肌黎講呢，佢既起點係肩胛骨 (scapula) 而止點係radius (膮骨)。

The figure also shows another muscle called brachialis. As brachialis performs a similar job with biceps brachii, so they are synergistic. Brachialis is the prime mover, as it does most of the work. 

你見到張圖都顯示左另一舊肌肉，叫肱肌 (brachialis)。肱肌做既野同二頭肌差唔多，所以佢地係會相互協助既 (synergistic)。

In terms of biceps brachii's job, triceps brachii is an antagonist, meaning that triceps brachii performs opposite job compared with biceps brachii's. 

以二頭肌負責既運動黎講呢，三頭肌 (triceps brachii) 負責既運動就係同佢相互作對既 (antagonistic)。

# Some details in movement of the forearm

The movement of the forearm is mainly performed by 3 skeletal muscles, biceps brachii, triceps brachii and brachialis. 

    (i) Biceps brachii - Flexion of the forearm

    (ii) Triceps brachii - Extension of the forearm

    (iii) Brachialis - Flexion of the forearm

In terms of flexing the forearm, brachialis is the prime mover, biceps brachii is the synergist and triceps brachii is the antagonist. #

# 識多小小前臂運動

前臂既運動主要由3舊骨骼肌負責：二頭肌、三頭肌同埋肱肌。

    (壹) 二頭肌 - 屈曲手肘

    (貳) 三頭肌 - 伸展手肘

    (參) 肱肌 - 屈曲手肘

以「屈曲手肘」依個動作黎講，肱肌為主，而且同二頭肌相互協助；三頭肌同二頭肌或者肱肌相互作對。#
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Futher look into the belly of the skeletal muscle. 

放大D睇下個肌本體。

In the figure, from left to right, it shows the skeletal muscular structure from macroscale to microscale. 

張圖顯示番骨骼肌由宏觀到微觀既結構。(從左到右)

(Something about terminology, the prefix myo- means muscular and the prefix sarco- means flesh. ) The belly consists of serveral fascicles. Each fascicle consists of many skeletal muscle cells (or muscle fibers). Inside the skeletal muscle cell, there are thousands of myofibrils, where the contraction of skeletal muscle is really happening. 

肌本體由多條肌束 (fascicle) 組成。每條肌束又由一堆骨骼肌細胞 (skeletal muscle cell) 組成，骨骼肌細胞都可以叫做肌肉纖維 (muscle fiber)。而骨骼肌細胞又由成千上萬既肌原纖維 (myofibril) 組成，當然都有其他正常細胞會有既細胞器官 (organelle) 啦，依D肌原纖維就係真真正正肌肉會收縮既地方啦。

# Some details in capsules of the skeletal muscle

The othermost capsule of the skeletal muscle is called epimysium, surrounding the whole skeletal muscle. It is the continuous portion of the tendon. The second layer of capsule is called perimysium, surrounding a fascicle. The third layer of capsule is called endomysium, surrounding a skeletal muscle cell. #

# 識多小小骨骼肌既包膜

骨骼肌最外層有肌外膜 (epimysium) 包著，肌外膜本身其實係肌腱既延伸部分。肌束比第二層既包膜，叫做肌束膜 (perimysium) 包著。骨骼肌細胞比第三層包膜，叫做肌內膜 (endomysium) 包著。#
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Futher look into a single skeletal muscle cell. 

再睇入去骨骼肌細胞。

The figure shows a portion of skeletal muscle cell. A whole skeletal muscle cell should be way longer, with so many nuclei, with density around 50 nuclei per millimeter. 

張圖其實只係顯示左骨骼肌細胞既一小段。成條骨骼肌細胞係長好多好多，而且有好多細胞核 (nucleus)，密度大概係每1毫米50粒左右。

It is surrounded by the sarcolemma, a specialized name of the cell membrane, with nuclei protruding on it. We can find other organelles like mitochrondria, endoplasmic reticulum and cytoplasm in skeletal muscle cells. (Some of them maybe named with other specialized name like the cell membrane.) 

除左比肌內膜 (endomysium) 包著，骨骼肌細胞本身都有自己既細胞膜，專門叫做肌膜 (sarcolemma)，上面會有細胞核凸左出黎。都講過啦，骨骼肌細胞都有正常細胞有既器官，例如線粒體 (mitochrondria)、內質網 (endoplasmic reticulum)、細胞質 (cytoplasm) 之類既野，不過有D就作為骨骼肌細胞既器官而有個專門既名。

# Some details in organelle of skeletal muscle cells

Sarcolemma - Specialized name of cell membrane. The sarcolemma extenses and forms transverse tubules (T-tubules) that penetrating into the center of the skeletal muscle cell so that nutrients can reach the center. 

Sarcoplasmic reticulum - Specialized name of endoplasmic reticulum, responsible in calcium storage. 

Nucleus - Skeletal muscle cells are multinucleate, meaning that there are more than one nuclei in a single cell.

Mitochrondrion - Power house of a cell, much more compared with normal cells. 

Sarcoplasm -  Specialized name of cytoplasm, containing myoglobin, oxygen-binging protein, and significant amount of glycogens. #

# 識多小小骨骼肌細胞既器官

肌膜 - 姐係細胞膜 (cell membrane)。肌膜有D延伸部分叫做橫小管 (T-tubule)，負責提供一條路比營養入到去細胞既中心位置。

肌質網 - 姐係內質網 (endoplasmic reticulum)。用黎儲存鈣。

細胞核 - 骨骼肌細胞係其中一種多核肌細胞。

線粒體 - 細胞既發電廠。骨骼肌細胞裡有特別多。

肌質 - 姐係細胞質 (cytoplasm)，含有大量醣類 (glycogens) 同埋肌紅蛋白 (myoglobin)，用黎儲存氧氣，同紅血球類似。#
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It's time to answer the question at the begining - 'what really make skeletal muscles have the ability to contract?' As I've mentioned, the skeletal muscle cell consists of so many myofibrils. These myofibrils are the actual sites for contraction. 

係時間解答最初既問題：「到底點樣做到收縮既呢？」頭先提過下啦，「肌原纖維就係真真正正肌肉會收縮既地方」，依家就再睇入D，黎睇下肌原纖維 (myofibril) 啦。

Futher zooms into the myofibril, the figure shows the basic unit of the myofibril, called sarcomere. (The spelling 'sacromere' in the picture is wrong.) The 2 main characters of the sarcomere is actin and myosin, they are the 2 proteins that responsible for contraction. 

張圖顯示既就係肌原纖維既基本單位啦，叫做肌節 (sarcomere)。一陣會有2隻上演「收縮劇」既主角：肌球蛋白 (myosin)、肌動蛋白 (actin)。

Before talking about how the contraction happens, let's talk about different areas in the sarcomere first. 

    (1) Z-line (Z for a German name) - Seperating sarcomeres from one another. 

    (2) A-band (A for anisotropic) - Area with myosin. 

    (3) I-band (I for isotropic) - Area with no myosin. 

係講「收縮劇」既劇情之前呢，先講下個劇場先。

    (一) 分界線 (Z-line) - 肌節之間既分界線。

    (二) 暗帶 (A-band) - 有肌球蛋白既區域。

    (三) 光帶 (I-band) - 冇肌球蛋白既區域。

The contraction of the skeletal muscle is like the tug-of-war, where myosin pulls the Z-line toward themselves with string called actin. 

成套「收縮劇」係以拔河為主體。劇情基本上係肌球蛋白企係「暗帶」到，以肌動蛋白作為繩，將「分界線」拉向自己。

The steps are in the following. 

    (1) Actin is locked and need to be unlocked by calcium. 

    (2) Calcium floods in from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and unlocks the lock (tropomyosin) that surrounding the actin. 

    (3) With the helps of ATP, myosin changes its shape and start to 'walk along' the actin. 

    (4) The Z-line is 'being pulled' towards the myosin. 

    (5) The I-band shortened when the sarcomere is contracted. 

    (6) Thousands of actin & myosin work together and the skeletal muscle contracts. 

詳細既劇情如下：

    (一) 肌動蛋白被鎖起左，需要鈣黎解開鎖 (tropomyosin)。

    (二) 鈣由肌質網流入肌節，再解開左個鎖。

    (三) 透過能量貨幣 (ATP)，肌球蛋白得到能量可以郁。

    (四) 肌球蛋白透過肌動蛋白將分界線拉向自己。

    (五) 「光帶」縮細，代表肌節收縮左。

    (六) 海量既肌節一齊收縮，骨骼肌就咁成功收縮。

This is how the skeletal muscle contracts. 

成套「收縮劇」大概係咁啦。
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完

屌上面張圖個底原來係透明既
連登黑底乜撚野都睇唔到

留名學野

有陰莖part ?

第日會有
但你係基佬？
正常都係問有冇閪

Push

Yes i am

一定又大隻又charm

我係瘦 普通樣咋喎
你ff too much?

如果連登post可以整到pdf咁 有目錄 有hyperlink 直接飛落去就好

邊有咁好丫
連登為鍾意hea post既腥港人設計
改個名叫學術台
其實都係hea post 台

好謙虛啊巴打
中上樣
普通樣

我偏0喎
係sex先做1

用多左 -> 損傷 -> 高蛋白攝取 ->補番有突 -> 變大隻

重有就係

用多左 -> 多左肌肉神經 -> 容易控制加埋一次過控制多d -> 變大力

係必須 唔夠會易抽筋

但基本上唔洗特登補
多運動鈣流失自然會低

留名

點解要中英對照 好難睇

一係一式兩份 唔好一句中 一句英