人體的奧秘 - 最硬既器官

目錄
(1)基本既心臟介紹
lihkg.com/thread/649350

(2)基本既肺部介紹
lihkg.com/thread/652225

(3)基本既腎臟介紹
lihkg.com/thread/665504

(4)基本既胃部介紹
lihkg.com/thread/673704

(5)基本既小腸介紹
lihkg.com/thread/685309

(6)基本既大腸介紹
lihkg.com/thread/690908

(7)基本既肝臟介紹
lihkg.com/thread/696439

(8)基本既胰臟介紹
lihkg.com/thread/700041

建議由第一期開始慢慢睇
想睇最新目錄請自行起底去最新個post
歡迎留言  一齊討論  你問我唔一定會答
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I am a human, not a slime. But what exactly make me having such a different between slimes? That's because of the bone, obviously. 

點解我地唔係一pat野咁？究竟係咩野令到我地同史萊母有咁大分別？冇錯，你估中左，就係因為骨頭 (bone) 啦。

Have you ever wondered that why blood cancer has something to do with the bone, isn't it just supporting our shape? But in fact, a bone has way more functions in our body than we ever think of! 

唔知你有冇好奇過點解血癌會同骨髓有關係，感覺真係大欖都扯唔埋，骨頭唔係淨係用黎支撐身體結構嫁炸咩？不過其實呢，一舊骨頭遠遠唔止你想像中咁簡單。

Bone is like the rebar. It is very rigid and provides supportive framework. But unlike the rebar, the bone is also responsible in hematopoiesis, i.e. blood cells formation, calcium balance and a whole lot more nurtrient balances. 

骨就好似一條鋼筋，非常之硬淨，構成我地身體既基本結構。不過唔同既係，骨比鋼筋做更多既野，佢地負責我地身體既造血作用 (hematopoiesis)、鈣同埋好多營養既平衡。

Let's begin the journey of investigating bone~

所以一齊黎研究下骨頭啦～
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We have roughly 206 pieces of bone. So basically, these crazy number of bones can be divided into two main categories, the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. 

每一個人總共有206舊骨頭。基本上呢，咁撚多既骨頭主要可以分做兩個系統，中軸骨架 (axial skeleton) 同埋附屬骨架 (appendicular skeleton)。

80 of them are the axial skeleton, while the remainings are the appendicular skeleton. 

中軸骨架有總共80舊骨，其餘既骨都係屬於附屬骨架。

# Some details in axial & appendicular bone

Axial skeleton - cranial bones, facial bones, spinal cord, rib cage, hyoid and middle ear bones. 

Appendicular skeleton - upper limbs, lower limbs, hip bones and shoulder bones. #

# 識多小小中軸及附屬骨架

中軸骨架 - 顱骨、顏面骨、脊柱、肋骨、舌骨同埋中耳骨

附屬骨架 - 上肢、下肢、胯骨同埋肩骨 #
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There is another way to classify bones, by their shape. 

重有另一隻骨頭既分法，透過骨頭既形狀。

There are 5 shapes, long, short, irregular, flat and sesamoid bone. They are just straightly named. By the way, ribs are classified as flat bones in this kind of classification.  

主要可以分做5種形狀，長、短、不規則、扁平同埋籽狀，基本上就係直接命名。講多小小啦，肋骨 (rib) 係扁平骨既一種。
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I won't go into every bones in our body. Although they have different names, they share a similar structure. 

係依篇我就唔會講曬所有既骨頭啦。雖然唔會逐一介紹，但係佢地有d共同既野既。

This is a figure of a long bone, different bones may have different arrangments of the feature shown. But one thing will never change, a package of spongy bone surrounded by a layer of compact bone. 

張圖係一舊長骨。唔同既骨頭會有唔同既形狀、組成次序、比例，但有一樣野永遠不變，就係一層密質骨 (compact bone) 包住海綿骨 (spongy bone)。
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Look into the compact bone first. The basic unit of the compact bone is called an osteon. 

再深入d睇密質骨，佢地既基本單元叫做骨元 (osteon)。

An osteon is in circular shape, composed of several layers of concentric lamella. These lamellae mainly consist of calcium phosphate and collagen. In between there lamellae, there are some lacunas, which allow osteocytes to live in. 

骨元係呈圓形既，由一層一層既環狀骨板 (concentric lamella) 組成，依d環狀骨板既主要成分係磷酸鈣 (calcium phosphate) 同埋膠原 (collagen)。係d骨板層之間呢，有d空隙 (lacuna)，d骨細胞 (osteocyte) 就係住係裡面。

If we futher look into lacunas, network of canaliculi can be found. The canaliculi network is the communication network of osteocytes. 

如果你再睇真d個d空隙，你會見到空隙同空隙之間重有d小管 (canaliculi)，空隙同小管形成一個網絡，一個比骨細胞溝通既網絡。

In the center of each osteons, there is a central canal (or Haversian's canal), allowing veins, arteries and nerves to pass through. In between these central canal, there are perforating canals (or Volkmann's canals) connecting them together. 

係骨元既中間，就係中心管 (central canal)，比血管同神經通過。係中心管同中心管之間呢，又有一d穿通管 (perforating canal) 將佢地接埋一齊，入面都有血管同神經。
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The next one will be the spongy bone. As the name apply, it is like a spongy, with many empty spaces, compared with compact bone. 

跟住就黎講下海綿骨。就好似個名，海綿骨好似海綿，同密質骨比起黎有多好多空位。

The spongy bone consists of trabecular bone and bone marrow. 

海綿骨主要由兩樣野組成，分別係骨樑 (trabecular bone) 同埋骨髓 (bone marrow)。

The trabecular bone is a structural support similar to the osteon, but it is much more low in density. It forms a reticular network of the spongy bone. 

骨樑係海綿骨既支撐，細微結構同骨元幾似，不過就低密度好多，裡面有好多空隙。

The bone marrow is a semi-fluid tissue exists in the empty space of the spongy bone. It contains stem cells for hematopoiesis, i.e. blood cell formation. There are 2 kinds of bone marrow, red and yellow. 

而骨髓呢就係剩低空間入面既半流體啦。佢含有用黎造血 (hematopoiesis) 既幹細胞 (stem cell)。骨髓呢又可以分做兩種，黃骨髓同紅骨髓。

Red bone marrow is a highly vascular tissue containing hematopoietic stem cells, blood-forming stem cells. 

紅骨髓有好多血管，主要成分係造血幹細胞。

Yellow bone marrow contains mesenchymal stem cells, precusor cells of connective tissue cells like chondrocytes, osteocytes. They also gives a rise to adipose cells. 

黃骨髓主要成分係間質幹細胞 (mesenchymal stem cell)，可以轉變為軟骨細胞 (chondrocyte)、骨細胞等等，依類幹細胞都可以轉變為脂肪細胞 (adipose tissue)。
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There are mainly 3 kinds of cells in the bone (not including the stem cells). They are the osteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteocytes. 

唔計幹細胞，我地既骨頭入面主要有3種細胞，分別係骨胚細胞 (osteoblast)、蝕骨細胞 (osteoclast) 同埋骨細胞。

Osteoblasts are precursor cells of osteocytes as the name -blast applied. Like other precursor cells, they secrete the building block of the surrounding connective tissue. In this case, osteoblasts secrete collagen and calcium phosphate to form bone matrix. 

骨胚細胞係骨細胞既前身細胞。基本上，所有既胚細胞 (-blast) 都會係變成細胞前分泌佢附近既間質，而骨胚細胞就會分泌磷酸鈣同埋膠原去組成骨間質 (bone matrix)。

Osteoclasts are differentiated from monocytes. They are responsible for the break down of the bone matrix. It is the completely opposite job of the osteoblast. They are like buddies. When our body needs calcium, osteoclasts would reabsorbs the trabecular bone in order to get more calcium ions. 

蝕骨細胞係由單核細胞 (monocyte) 轉化而成。佢地既主要作用係溶解骨間質，完全係骨胚細胞既相反，雖然佢地做相反既野，但就係依兩種細胞負責起我地骨頭既平衡。重有，當我地需要鈣既時候，蝕骨細胞會吸收骨樑入面既鈣去保持番身體既鈣平衡。

Osteocytes are cells that sit in the lacunas of bone matrix, controlling the building and breaking of the bone matrix, by communicating with osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Osteocytes themselves communicate through gap junctions in the canaliculi. They are important in the balance of calcium in our body. 

骨細胞就係係骨板之間既空隙入面既細胞，透過同骨胚細胞同埋蝕骨細胞溝通去控制骨間質既情況。而骨細胞同骨細胞之間呢就靠小管網絡啦，呢d連接又叫間隙連接 (gap junction)。所以骨細胞又係鈣平衡重要既重要一環。
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What do you think about bone? Is it an organ or just a connective tissue? Personally, I think it is an organ, surrounded by connective tissue called bone matrix! The bone have many systemic jobs with vital functions, how can it not be an organ? 

最後我想問個問題，你覺得骨頭算係器官丫，定係締結組織 (connective tissue)？個人覺得啦，我鍾意將骨頭唸成器官，一個主要由骨間質組成既器官。骨頭要負責好多好多身體系統既工作，而且都事關重大，我地又點可以唔叫佢做器官呢？😆

唸多左啦c兄
ff太多傷身啊

鳩硬冇親戚

樓主好波

聽人講琺瑯質仲硬過骨頭

可唔可以講下男女盆骨嘅分別
另外女人係咪真係多條肋骨？多喺邊？

留名

好高質 留明學野

簡單嚟講，女人盆骨比較闊同淺，有利分娩

大部分男女都係得12對肋骨，只不過有小部分人會有額外一對頸肋骨，而呢小部分人當中，女性比例較多

*頸肋骨都可以單獨一條，唔一定一對

又黎

巴打幾有心
做邊行？

竟然無正皮

唔係咁牙！？

明顯醫科癲佬

琺瑯質你話係器官都講唔通啦