樓主介紹既DK,另外發現有一個位講得唔準確:
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=WrljsjdPe0M
片中 23:21 開始提到保羅被鞭打:
哥林多後書11:24
//24 我被猶太人鞭打過五次,每次四十下減去一下,//
片中正確咁引用摩西既律法書:
申命記25:1-3
//1 “如果人與人之間有爭訟,來到審斷的地方,義人被判有理、罪人被判有罪,
2 若有罪的人應受責打,審判官就要叫他趴下,當場責打他,打多少下按他的罪而定。
3 最多打他四十下,不可再多,以免你打他超過這數目,你的弟兄就在你眼前受辱。//
大概 23:45 ,DK解釋「羅馬公民有著數打少一下」,可惜呢個講法唔準確。
猶太人對有罪猶太人既鞭打,一切都係猶太人之間既事,由猶太公議會執行,同羅馬政府無關。
不過,除左呢點之外,佢的確講得好有力,係非常值得支持。
以下詳細列出三個理由,解釋個講法點解唔準確:
(1)猶太拉比文獻清楚咁記錄左要打39下:
Mishnah Makkot (米示拿經,鞭打篇)3:10
//With how many lashes does one flog a person sentenced to receive lashes? One flogs him with forty lashes less one, as it is stated: “And he shall strike him before him, in accordance with his wickedness, by number. Forty he shall strike him, he shall not add” (Deuteronomy 25:2–3). The mishna joins the end of the first verse and the beginning of the second, forming the phrase: “By number, forty,” which is interpreted as:
A sum adjacent to forty. Rabbi Yehuda says: He is flogged with a full forty lashes. And where is he flogged the extra lash? As the mishna proceeds to explain, the
thirty-nine lashes are divided into three and administered in three places on the body of the person being flogged; according to Rabbi Yehuda there is one lash that remains. That lash is administered between his shoulders. //
呢個做法亦都佢地沿用既fence around the Torah 同出一轍,穩陣D,萬一打完40下之後唔小心甩手,咁就41下,使弟兄受辱喇喎。
(2)呢個鞭打既目的,亦都同羅馬既鞭打差好遠。
猶太拉比文獻入面就講到,執行鞭打既人,要出盡全力打,呢個人既傳統要求係:要身體唔強壯,但超熟聖經。
Talmud Makkot (塔木德經,鞭打篇) 23a:10
//§ The mishna teaches: And the attendant flogging the one receiving lashes flogs him with one hand with all his strength.
The Sages taught: For the administration of lashes, the court appoints only attendants who are lacking in strength and are exceedingly knowledgeable in Torah. Rabbi Yehuda says: The court may appoint even those who are lacking in knowledge and are exceedingly strong.//
相反,羅馬既鞭打係可以變態到嚇親人,打到最入面既血管,打到連內臟都暴露出黎。呢段咁極端殘酷既歷史,係教會歷史文獻就有記載:
Ecclesiastical History (Eusebius), 4.15.4
//After these words, before giving the account of Polycarp, they record the events which befell the rest of the martyrs, and describe the great firmness which they exhibited in the midst of their pains.
For they say that the bystanders were struck with amazement when they saw them lacerated with scourges even to the innermost veins and arteries, so that the hidden inward parts of the body, both their bowels and their members, were exposed to view; and then laid upon sea-shells and certain pointed spits, and subjected to every species of punishment and of torture, and finally thrown as food to wild beasts.//
就算唔係咁變態,羅馬式鞭打都係同聖經教導完全冇關係,例如用黎嚴刑拷問,下面再會提到。
(3)羅馬公民,莫講話鞭,連綁都唔綁得。呢個係保羅既親身經歷:
使徒行傳22:24-29
//24 千夫長下令把保羅帶到軍營去,吩咐人用鞭刑拷問,好知道群眾為甚麼這樣不斷向他喊叫。
25 士兵將保羅四肢伸開,要鞭打他的時候,他就對站在旁邊的百夫長說:
“你們鞭打一個還沒有定罪的羅馬公民,是合法的嗎?”
26 百夫長聽了,就去見千夫長,報告說:“你要怎麼辦呢?要知道,這個人是羅馬公民啊!”
27 千夫長就來問保羅:“告訴我,你是羅馬公民嗎?”他說:“是。”
28 千夫長說:“我花了一大筆錢,才取得羅馬籍。”保羅說:“我生下來就是。”
29 於是,那些要拷問他的人立刻離開他走了。千夫長知道他是羅馬公民,又
因為捆綁過他,也就害怕起來。//